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Actor4j: A Software Framework for the Actor Model Focusing on the Optimization of Message Passing
(2018)
Common actor implementations often use
standardized thread pools without special optimization for the
message passing. For that, a high-performance solution was
worked out. The actor-oriented software framework Akka uses
internally a ForkJoinPool that is intended for a MapReduce
approach. However, the MapReduce approach is not relevant
for message passing, as it may lead to significant performance
losses. One solution is to develop a thread pool that focuses on
the message passing. In the implementation of the Actor4j
framework, the message queue of the actors is placed in
threads to enable an efficient message exchange. The actors are
operated directly from this queue (injecting the message),
without further ado. It was further enhanced by the use of
multiple task-specific queues. Fairness and the responsiveness
of the system have been raised. In particular, the performance
measurement results show that an intra-thread communication
towards an inter-thread communication is much better and has
very good scaling properties.
Improvement of an Existing Microservices Architecture for an E-learning Platform in STEM Education
(2018)
This paper demonstrates and evaluates the technical improvement of an existing prototype of the STIMEY e-learning platform based on a microservices architectural pattern. The first approach is using our page fragments technology that allows to integrate contents of other microservices in a superordinate context but lead to difficulties regarding maintenance. The second approach holds all page fragments in one microservice, and the specific data is provided separately by domain-specific microservices which makes it easier to work with them, in case of the STIMEY platform, because domain-specific designers can now be assigned to just one respective microservice. Additionally, a conception to migrate the platform to Amazon Web Services (AWS) in the future is shown. A novel three-dimensional architecture model is introduced to visualize the used microservices’ architectural pattern. Three patterns are shown for the data access of the individual microservices and for their interconnectedness. At the end, it is discussed how the database design can be implemented.
In this paper, the actor-oriented Java framework Actor4j is used to implement administration shells in a RAMI4.0 context to enable the implementation of hybrid cloud solutions. A novel architecture is conceptualized around the usage of the Actor Model, especially in the area of edge and cloud computing. The administration shell can be either implemented by an asset that is OPC-UA ready or be mapped to a gateway in the device (service) cloud. The administration shell implemented with the Actor Model (predominantly for the public and private cloud) consists of four modules: the components module (describing the corresponding system), the publish-subscribe module, the additional logic module (conditions, alarms), and the interaction module (behavior). The main idea is to reuse an OPC-UA compliant implementation for the internal actor logic. At the device cloud level, IT/OT entities can be composed together in a domain specific point of view. This is implemented over three abstractions levels (data acquisition, data analytics and control & monitoring). The proposed Actor Model fits very well for the implementation of large scale administrations shells.
Reference Architecture Model Industry 4.0 (RAMI4.0) compliant Manufacturing Operation System (MES) implementations require high investments, which put them out of reach for small and medium-sized enterprises. This work presents a lightweight RAMI4.0-compliant MES. The underlying proposed architecture of the Cognitive Robotic System for Digitalized and Networked (Automated) Insect Farms (CoRoSect) project ensures communication and information interoperability within the shop and office floor. The repository pattern is used for sharing data by integrating secondary Asset Administration Shells (AASs) as an information hub. We propose further enhancements by implementing higher-level AASs for edge or public cloud use. The path taken for reaching this goal can be especially interesting for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) because of the simplified implementation and for other researchers by improving this procedure in a more complete solution. First, pilots show the practicality of the provided solution.
Nowadays, applications in the cloud are based on a microservice architecture. Depending on the problem to be solved, they tend to grow complex, and the maintenance is more complicated. For this, a scalable domain-specific (application-related) cluster architecture is conceptualized, which should fulfill the requirements of flexibility, scalability and elasticity, cost-effectiveness, and reliability. Each instance within the cluster covers an application domain. It is possible to upload service subdomains dynamically to an application domain at runtime. A subdomain consists of a group of actors (also called a pod). The development of a subdomain can be assigned to a team. A service subdomain can be scaled individually through replication or sharding (within the instance or the cluster). The proposed solution is expected to achieve a better result than a microservice or FaaS architecture. A single instance prototype was already developed, and a demo application was created.